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Approximate Time of Knockout
In December 2008, Doug talked about a metric called "Time of KO," measuring the time of knockout in any football game. Dr. Saturday, our favorite college football blogger, has been keeping track of this metric for a few years now. Like the simple rating system, it's just another way to measure and rank dominance; it's not designed to be the mother of all rating systems, but it is designed to provide another look at how each particular game unfolded. What it lacks in precision it makes up for in simplicity -- when did a knockout occur?
The short theory is that we look at how much time was remaining in every game when the winning team first scored more points than the losing team ultimately scored by the end of the game. In this past Super Bowl, that would be the first score of the 4th quarter, when the Saints went up 24-17 (ultimately winning 31-17). In the Eagles season opener against the Panthers, Philadelphia won 38-10. DeSean Jackson's punt return touchdown in the 2nd quarter made it 17-7, which would have been the knockout score in that game.
Unfortunately, we don't have data on how much time remained in the game during each score in NFL history; what we do have is the number of scores in each game and quarter. So we have to do a bit of a fugde -- hence the name, Approximate Time of Knockout. If there were four scores in the 2nd quarter of a game, we'll stipulate that the scores came with 12, 9, 6 and 3 minutes remaining in the quarter. In the Broncos 27-6 week 2 win over Cleveland, there were three scores in the first quarter; Cleveland kicked a field goal, then Denver scored a touchdown, and then Cleveland kicked another field goal. Therefore, the Broncos are given an approximate time of knockout of 52 minutes, 30 seconds -- there were three scores in the first quarter, and we assume that they came with 11:15, 7:30 and 3:45 remaining. In the Texans victory over the Bengals this season, Cincinnati scored 17 points; the Texans scored a touchdown to go ahead 21-17 on the first of two scores in the third quarter; therefore, we assume the time of knockout in that game was with 25 minutes remaining.
Make sense? Now we compute the time of knockout for every game in the NFL since 1950. Five games came at the 57-minute mark; that's when there four scores in the first quarter, and the winning team secured enough points to win the game on the first score of the game:
Packers over Lions in '01
Skins over Broncos, '92
1990 Bils over Raiders (AFCCG)
Bengals over Saints, 1970
'59 Steelers beat Skins
The approximate part of the AKO is obvious here: the more scores you get in a quarter, the quicker we assume you delivered the knockout blow. On the other hand, defensive teams have some advantages in the AKO system -- a quick early score in a 10-7 , back-and-forth, tight victory, would make the winning team's AKO look more dominant than it was. Still, warts and all in this system, I thought it would be interesting to look at the results. Here are the top teams, as measured by minutes remaining in each team's AKO per season game. AKO minutes is the gross number of minutes remaining in all games by the team after securing the knockout blow, while "Avg" is the per-team game metric:
| TM | YR | GMS | Wins | AKO | Avg |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| BAL | 1968 | 14 | 13 | 522.0 | 37.3 |
| CLE | 1951 | 12 | 11 | 380.5 | 31.7 |
| CLE | 1954 | 12 | 9 | 380.0 | 31.7 |
| SDG | 1961 | 14 | 12 | 443.1 | 31.7 |
| MIA | 1973 | 14 | 12 | 442.3 | 31.6 |
| STL | 1999 | 16 | 13 | 497.0 | 31.1 |
| MIN | 1969 | 14 | 12 | 428.8 | 30.6 |
| RAM | 1973 | 14 | 12 | 426.3 | 30.4 |
| MIN | 1975 | 14 | 12 | 421.3 | 30.1 |
| MIN | 1970 | 14 | 12 | 414.0 | 29.6 |
| CHI | 1985 | 16 | 15 | 472.6 | 29.5 |
| MIA | 1972 | 14 | 14 | 411.3 | 29.4 |
| NWE | 2007 | 16 | 16 | 467.0 | 29.2 |
| CLE | 1953 | 12 | 11 | 348.0 | 29.0 |
| MIN | 1973 | 14 | 12 | 398.3 | 28.4 |
| IND | 2005 | 16 | 14 | 450.8 | 28.2 |
| SFO | 1984 | 16 | 15 | 446.5 | 27.9 |
| KAN | 1968 | 14 | 12 | 389.0 | 27.8 |
| CHI | 1963 | 14 | 11 | 385.8 | 27.6 |
| RAM | 1977 | 14 | 10 | 385.0 | 27.5 |
| KAN | 1967 | 14 | 9 | 383.8 | 27.4 |
| GNB | 1962 | 14 | 13 | 382.3 | 27.3 |
| OAK | 1968 | 14 | 12 | 381.6 | 27.3 |
| CHI | 1988 | 16 | 12 | 435.0 | 27.2 |
| BAL | 1971 | 14 | 10 | 379.8 | 27.1 |
| BUF | 1990 | 16 | 13 | 432.8 | 27.0 |
| DAL | 1968 | 14 | 12 | 367.0 | 26.2 |
| HOU | 1961 | 14 | 10 | 366.3 | 26.2 |
| PHI | 2002 | 16 | 12 | 417.8 | 26.1 |
| CLE | 1950 | 12 | 10 | 312.5 | 26.0 |
| SDG | 1963 | 14 | 11 | 362.5 | 25.9 |
| PIT | 1976 | 14 | 10 | 361.3 | 25.8 |
| PIT | 1975 | 14 | 12 | 360.5 | 25.8 |
| MIA | 1977 | 14 | 10 | 360.0 | 25.7 |
| GNB | 1996 | 16 | 13 | 410.8 | 25.7 |
| WAS | 1991 | 16 | 14 | 409.8 | 25.6 |
| DAL | 1992 | 16 | 13 | 407.5 | 25.5 |
| RAM | 1975 | 14 | 12 | 356.3 | 25.4 |
| PHI | 2004 | 16 | 13 | 406.7 | 25.4 |
| STL | 2001 | 16 | 14 | 404.3 | 25.3 |
| MIN | 1998 | 16 | 15 | 404.3 | 25.3 |
| WAS | 1982 | 9 | 8 | 226.3 | 25.1 |
| GNB | 1961 | 14 | 11 | 350.8 | 25.1 |
| BAL | 2000 | 16 | 12 | 400.8 | 25.0 |
Which Super Bowls saw the AKO come out with the most time remaining?
| Year | Winner | Loser | AKO | Score | Boxscore |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1980 | OAK | PHI | 50.0 | 27-10 | Super Bowl XV |
| 1973 | MIA | MIN | 50.0 | 24-7 | Super Bowl VIII |
| 1989 | SFO | DEN | 48.8 | 55-10 | Super Bowl XXIV |
| 1985 | CHI | NWE | 48.0 | 46-10 | Super Bowl XX |
| 1983 | RAI | WAS | 41.3 | 38-9 | Super Bowl XVIII |
| 1987 | WAS | DEN | 40.0 | 42-10 | Super Bowl XXII |
| 1984 | SFO | MIA | 40.0 | 38-16 | Super Bowl XIX |
| 1971 | DAL | MIA | 40.0 | 24-3 | Super Bowl VI |
| 2000 | BAL | NYG | 37.5 | 34-7 | Super Bowl XXXV |
| 1994 | SFO | SDG | 37.5 | 49-26 | Super Bowl XXIX |
| 1992 | DAL | BUF | 37.5 | 52-17 | Super Bowl XXVII |
| 1977 | DAL | DEN | 37.5 | 27-10 | Super Bowl XII |
| 1972 | MIA | WAS | 37.5 | 14-7 | Super Bowl VII |
| 1969 | KAN | MIN | 37.5 | 23-7 | Super Bowl IV |
| 1966 | GNB | KAN | 37.5 | 35-10 | Super Bowl I |
| 1996 | GNB | NWE | 33.8 | 35-21 | Super Bowl XXXI |
| 1976 | OAK | MIN | 33.8 | 32-14 | Super Bowl XI |
| 1967 | GNB | OAK | 33.0 | 33-14 | Super Bowl II |
| 2006 | IND | CHI | 26.3 | 29-17 | Super Bowl XLI |
| 2002 | TAM | OAK | 26.3 | 48-21 | Super Bowl XXXVII |
| 2005 | PIT | SEA | 25.0 | 21-10 | Super Bowl XL |
| 1968 | NYJ | BAL | 25.0 | 16-7 | Super Bowl III |
| 1995 | DAL | PIT | 22.5 | 27-17 | Super Bowl XXX |
| 1974 | PIT | MIN | 22.5 | 16-6 | Super Bowl IX |
| 1993 | DAL | BUF | 20.0 | 30-13 | Super Bowl XXVIII |
| 1986 | NYG | DEN | 18.8 | 39-20 | Super Bowl XXI |
| 1991 | WAS | BUF | 18.0 | 37-24 | Super Bowl XXVI |
| 1998 | DEN | ATL | 12.5 | 34-19 | Super Bowl XXXIII |
| 2009 | NOR | IND | 10.0 | 31-17 | Super Bowl XLIV |
| 1982 | WAS | MIA | 10.0 | 27-17 | Super Bowl XVII |
| 1979 | PIT | RAM | 10.0 | 31-19 | Super Bowl XIV |
| 1981 | SFO | CIN | 9.0 | 26-21 | Super Bowl XVI |
| 1978 | PIT | DAL | 9.0 | 35-31 | Super Bowl XIII |
| 2004 | NWE | PHI | 7.5 | 24-21 | Super Bowl XXXIX |
| 1997 | DEN | GNB | 5.0 | 31-24 | Super Bowl XXXII |
| 1990 | NYG | BUF | 5.0 | 20-19 | Super Bowl XXV |
| 1975 | PIT | DAL | 5.0 | 21-17 | Super Bowl X |
| 1970 | BAL | DAL | 5.0 | 16-13 | Super Bowl V |
| 2007 | NYG | NWE | 3.8 | 17-14 | Super Bowl XLII |
| 2001 | NWE | STL | 3.8 | 20-17 | Super Bowl XXXVI |
| 1999 | STL | TEN | 3.8 | 23-16 | Super Bowl XXXIV |
| 1988 | SFO | CIN | 3.8 | 20-16 | Super Bowl XXIII |
| 2008 | PIT | ARI | 3.0 | 27-23 | Super Bowl XLIII |
| 2003 | NWE | CAR | 2.1 | 32-29 | Super Bowl XXXVIII |
Next week, we'll look at the 2010 results.
This entry was posted on Friday, May 14th, 2010 at 6:42 am and is filed under Statgeekery, Totally Useless. You can follow any responses to this entry through the RSS 2.0 feed. Both comments and pings are currently closed.

Chase, for the last few years, you ought to use the exact data. I understand that, to keep things "equal", you used approx. time. But with the 99 Rams, for example, you could and should use the exact time. With the last 7 SB's on your list, for 5 of them you can give the EXACT time (and the '88 one prob. too.). To me, for these teams, this overstates their "knockout" time. Because if you were right, all of the losing teams would have had time to comeback. In reality, only the Titans did--and they almost made it. The other 5 never had a realistic chance to get a game-tying/game-winning score--that's where the "knockout" occurred.
Also, I think there should be a factor for losses in the first table. Nobody would say that the '54 Browns were as dominant as the '51 version--for the difference in record, if nothing else.
3rd, I don't think you can say that there was a "knockout" if the margin of the final score was 7 points or less (unless the losing team scored "garbage" points with the game out of reach). To stay with boxing terms, you don't get credit for a knockout, even if you win by unanimous decision--it's just a win. Whereas the Bucs don't get enough credit for the SB win against the Raiders--IIRC, they were ahead by a comfortable margin most of the game, even though the Raiders scored a decent number of total points.
Maybe you could use "exact time" for anything recent for which you have the time of scores, and "approximate time" for anything before that.
http://www.nfl.com/superbowl/history - select box score and all the times are listed for scores in all 44 SBs.
A quick question about this, how was overtime handled? Would that be a negative knockout time, or just at 0?
Joseph,
All your points are good ones; unfortunately, I don't have exact times for more recent teams like the '99 Rams in an easily accessible file. Yes, for the Super Bowl games, we could find exact times, but once again, I don't have those games coded. While the data is out there, I don't think the time to hand code all of those games is worth it for a post like this. You're of course correct that the '01 Rams didn't actually have any time to come back; I'm okay with that.
I considered subtracting the time of knockdown for each team loss, too, to their overall score. I think I didn't end up doing it for coding reasons (i.e., I didn't think of this until the very end) but it's a good suggestion.
Nathan,
Overtime wins are given zeroes.
Will that be a guest post by the Psychic Friends Network? hehe sorry
Fascinating that three of the top 10 teams are Viking representatives of the late '60s and '70s; and four of the top 15 are Minnesota teams from that same era. Yet they never won a Super Bowl and were knocked out very early in three of those contests.
Seeing Baltimore at the top of the list seems fitting for what that team accomplished in the '68 regular season.
It would be nice to see the actuals for KOs (as a spot check) to see how good an approximation the splits are, just for curiosity's sake. But the AKO results look reasonable.
The main flaw in AKO is that it doesn't take any account of margin of victory. As a result, it overvalues great defensive performances, especially shutouts. Imagine that two teams, A and B, both score a field goal in the first quarter. Both defenses will go on to record shutouts, but Team A adds two TDs before halftime, while Team B nervously holds onto a 3-point lead. Those teams will have the same AKO, but the game almost certainly did not unfold in remotely the same way.
If you could devise a stat that combined AKO with, say, final margin of victory, then you'd be closer to "measuring and ranking dominance".
Chase, thanks for replying to my comment. By coding, I assume you mean placing the data in a table suitable for posting or something like that--and although I don't know anything about it, I can see that it would probably be difficult/impossible--esp. by hand.
Seeing Nathan's comment & your reply to him, I would say any margin of victory of 7 points or less should be a zero also. For example, last year's Saints vs. Cowboys game. The Cowboys were up big early, but they still had to defend a last minute drive after missing a FG around the 2:00 mark of the 4th Q. Technically, the KO happened with about :05 in the 4th when Brees fumbled & the Cowboys recovered.
Re: the SB list, maybe that one could be updated with actual data. Hundreds of team-seasons would prob. be impossible without a team of volunteers--and then it would just be time-consuming.
I second the recommendation of using 7 pts as a minimum. I'd also like to see the negative time subtracted off.
Excellent plan, though. I like this.
The way I would have approached this is by using something like:
http://wp.advancednflstats.com/
and timing the knockout to the point where the WP topped some threshold, probably 99%.
I realize that it would be much harder to implement (and the data doesn't go back nearly as far) but I think we would learn more from it.
If one wanted to incorporate margin into this scheme, one could simply calculate the margin for every moment in the game (using the fudged time of score), then roll that into a single number for the game via some sort of average. For instance, take three games that end 28-14 with these quarter-by-quarter scores...
.
1) 28-0, 28-0, 28-0, 28-14
Avg margin: 22.75. Clearly a blowout with some garbage points
.
2) 7-14, 14-14, 21-14, 28-14
Avg margin: 1.75. Winner spent 1 quarter losing and only took a commanding lead with 7.5 minutes left. It was anybody's game for the other 52.5 minutes
.
3) 0-7, 0-14, 14-14, 28-14
Avg margin: -3.5. The winning team spent over 30 minutes behind and was only up for the last 10 minutes. Sure it's a win, but...
One could get fancier by weighting the time or weighting the time or differential, or both.
MattieShoes, I think what you are talking about is the Win Probability graphs at http://wp.advancednflstats.com/
A possible way to use the Win Probability graphs would be to find the average Win % for each team during the game (for each point on the graph if possible). The further away the average win % was from 50% the more dominant (or dominated) the team was during that game.
Example:
Game 1: NE vs TEN 10/18/2009 59-0
Game 2: CIN vs CLV 10/4/2009 - Final Score: 23-20 OT
Game 1:
TEN Average Win % per 1/5 Qrt - 9%
NE Average Win % per 1/5 Qrt - 91%
Game 2:
CIN Average Win % per 1/5 Qrt - 59%
CLV Average Win % per 1/5 Qrt - 41%